Basics of English 1

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Basics of English
There are 26 letters in English. Out of 26 letters, 5 are vowels (a, e, I, o, and u) and rest of the letters are called consonants. Alphabets are written in two ways:
a. Upper case (A-Z)
b. Lower case (a-z)

On the basis of ‘Sounds’
There are 44 sounds in English Language. 24 are consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds.

Sentence:

 A sentence is a group of words that signifies some meaning.
She is a kind lady.
They play cricket.

Phrase

A group of words having no subject and incomplete meaning.
Red apple
Out of the blue.

Parts of sentence

Subject

First part of the sentence is a subject. Subject is something about which discussion or chat is going on.
Two types of subject
Noun
Pronoun
Ram is an aggressive chap.
He is such a cantankerous bloke.
Siya knows him  very well.
She always tries to veil her son’s mistakes.


Verb

Action words are called verbs.
If a verb plays the role of linking a subject with an object, it is called a linking verb.
Roya is a doctor.
In the above example: Riya (subject) is linked to doctor (Object) by ‘is’ (Linking Verb).
S.no.
Verb kind
Examples
1.
Helping verbs
Is, am, are , was , were,  has, have, do, did, will, shall etc.
2.
Modal verbs
May, might, shall, should, will, would, can , could, dare, need, do etc.
3.
Present verb (V1)
Eat, sleep, read, call, write, ring, cook, pull etc.
4.
Past (V2)
Ate, slept, read, called, wrote, rang, cooked, pulled etc.
5.
Past Participle (V3)
Eaten, slept, read, called, written, rung, cooked, pulled etc.
6.
Present participle (V1+ing)
Eating, sleeping, reading, calling, writing, ringing, cooking, pulling etc.

Object

Two types of object
Noun
Pronoun
Ram is calling Sham.
Ram is calling him.
She knows Siya.
She knows her.

Complement

Complement can be of two types:
a. Adjective       b. Adverb
S.no.
Adjectives
Adverbs
1.
Definition: Words that tell us more about nouns or pronouns.
Definition: Words that tell us more about verbs.
2.
She is a beautiful girl.
He runs fast.


Vocabulary Booster
Belligerent: Hostile: He is a belligerent fella, thus I don’t like him.
Hoover: Clean with a vacuum cleaner: he hoovered the carpet yesterday.
Cantankerous: Stubborn: He is such a cantankerous bloke. I don’t wanna meet him at all.


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